New students: 25-minute trial lesson for $25. If you continue, it comes back as a discount.New students: 25-minute trial lesson for $25
Italy Cultura
A0 Learning path · 6 min · 41 practice questions

E, O, Ma, Perché: Italian Conjunctions for Longer Answers

A0 · Lesson 18 · Little words

Four tiny words that turn “Sono di Boston.” into a real conversation.

Quick answer

The four basic Italian conjunctions (little linking words) are e (and), o (or), ma (but) and perché (because, and Perché? = why?). Add one to a short answer to make it longer: Sono di Boston, ma abito a Chicago, perché lavoro lì.

Video lesson coming soon. Everything you need is already on this page.
Step 1

E = and (and why è is different)

The smallest word in Italian: one letter.

e

eh · and

Tom e Kate · Tom and Kate

è

EH · is

Tom è americano · Tom is American

💡 In simple words

No accent: e = and.

With an accent: è = is (verb essere).

They sound almost the same. In writing, the little accent changes everything.

Sono americano e parlo inglese. (SOH-noh ah-meh-ree-KAH-noh eh PAHR-loh een-GLEH-zeh) · I’m American and I speak English.

Kate è americana e Tom è inglese. · Kate is American and Tom is English. Spot the difference?

Italian conjunctions, e = and: a man and a woman standing next to each other, Tom e Kate
Tom e Kate = Tom and Kate
Step 2

O = or (and why ho is different)

o

oh · or

Caffè o cappuccino? · Coffee or cappuccino?

ho

oh · I have

Ho trent’anni. · I’m thirty. (I have 30 years)

💡 In simple words

o = or. ho = I have (verb avere).

Same sound: the H is silent in Italian. Only the spelling tells them apart.

Sei americano o inglese? (SAY ah-meh-ree-KAH-noh oh een-GLEH-zeh) · Are you American or English?

E, o, ma, perché in Italian: a small coffee with latte art
Caffè o cappuccino? The eternal question.
Step 3

Ma = but

ma

MAH

but

Contrast

Use ma when the second part is a little surprise.

Sono americana, ma mia nonna è italiana. (SOH-noh ah-meh-ree-KAH-nah mah MEE-ah NOHN-nah EH ee-tah-LYAH-nah) · I’m American, but my grandma is Italian.

Parlo inglese, ma non parlo spagnolo. · I speak English, but I don’t speak Spanish.

Ho trent’anni, ma sono in pensione! (oh trehn-TAHN-nee mah SOH-noh een pehn-SYOH-neh) · I’m thirty, but I’m retired! Lucky you.

Italian conjunctions, ma = but: an elderly woman with white hair in a grey coat and scarf, mia nonna è italiana
Sono americana, ma mia nonna è italiana.
Step 4

Perché = because, and Perché? = why?

Perché?

pehr-KEH · why?

Perché sei in Italia? · Why are you in Italy?

perché

pehr-KEH · because

Perché sono in vacanza! · Because I’m on vacation!

💡 In simple words

One word, two jobs: Perché? asks why, perché answers because.

The accent goes on the last E: perché. Your voice goes up for the question.

Italian conjunctions, perché: people at café tables in an Italian square, perché sono in vacanza
Perché sei in Italia? Perché sono in vacanza!
Step 5

Italian conjunctions in action: short answer + e, ma, perché

A short answer is fine. A long answer is better, and it makes you sound like you really speak Italian. Here is the recipe:

Make it longer

  1. 1Start with a short answer: Sono di Boston.
  2. 2Add e, ma or perché.
  3. 3Add one more fact. Done. Want more? Add another little word and another fact.

ShortSono di Boston.I’m from Boston.

LongerSono di Boston, ma abito a Chicago.I’m from Boston, but I live in Chicago.

LongestSono di Boston, ma abito a Chicago, perché lavoro lì.I’m from Boston, but I live in Chicago, because I work there.

Say it out loud: SOH-noh dee BOS-ton, mah AH-bee-toh ah shee-KAH-goh, pehr-KEH lah-VOH-roh LEE.

Change the words

Sono di Boston, ma abito a Chicago.

SOH-noh dee BOS-ton, mah AH-bee-toh ah shee-KAH-goh

Swap in your own places: di Dallas a Denver di New York a Miami

E, o, ma, perché: people crossing a busy American city street
Sono di Boston, ma abito a Chicago.
Step 6

In real life: one question, a long answer

Three guinea pigs playing Luca, a new friend

Luca
new friend

Di dove sei?

Where are you from?

Rabbit playing you

you

Sono di Boston, ma abito a Chicago.

I’m from Boston, but I live in Chicago.

Three guinea pigs playing Luca, a new friend

Luca
new friend

Perché?

Why?

Rabbit playing you

you

Perché lavoro lì. Sono insegnante.

Because I work there. I’m a teacher.

Three guinea pigs playing Luca, a new friend

Luca
new friend

E parli italiano o spagnolo?

And do you speak Italian or Spanish?

Rabbit playing you

you

Parlo inglese e un po’ di italiano!

I speak English and a little Italian!

Count them: e, o, ma, perché. All four in one little chat.

Common mistakes English speakers make

Tom è Kate sono americani. → Tom e Kate sono americani.

“and” = e, no accent.

Sono americano o ho trent’anni. → Sono americano e ho trent’anni.

“and” = e. o means “or”.

O trent’anni. → Ho trent’anni.

“I have” = ho, with a silent H.

Perche? → Perché?

Don’t forget the accent on the last E.

Sono di Boston. But abito a Chicago. → Sono di Boston, ma abito a Chicago.

“but” = ma.

Step 7 · Culture

Did you know? Perché sì!

🤷 Perché? Perché sì!

Ask an Italian parent “Why?” and you may hear Perché sì! (pehr-KEH SEE): “Because yes!” It means: because I said so. End of discussion.

😄 Perché no?

Perché no? (pehr-KEH NOH) = Why not? Italians say it all the time when they agree to a plan: Un gelato? Perché no!

Two tiny phrases, and you already sound like a local.

Brown hamster in a glass cup, joking about e, o, ma, perché

Why am I in a cup? Perché sì. Next question.

Step 8 · Practice

🍕 Your turn

Start with a quick warm-up, then press Check. Want more? Open the extra exercises below. Mistakes are part of it. No pressure.

Warm-up · 5 questions

Choose the right little word.

1. Tom ___ Kate (Tom and Kate)

2. Caffè ___ cappuccino? (or)

3. Sono americana, ___ parlo italiano. (but)

4. ___ sei in Italia? (Why)

5. ___ trent’anni. (I have)

See more exercises · 36 questions ▾Hide the extra exercises ▴

1 · E or è?

Choose the right word.

1. Kate ___ americana.

2. Marco ___ Giulia sono italiani.

3. Parlo inglese ___ un po’ di italiano.

4. Lui ___ medico.

5. Sono stanco ___ ho fame.

6. Luca ___ di Roma.

7. Lei ___ cameriera.

8. Sono di Boston ___ abito a Boston.

2 · O or ho?

Choose the right word.

1. Sei americano ___ canadese?

2. ___ fame!

3. Caffè ___ tè?

4. ___ quarant’anni.

5. Parli inglese ___ spagnolo?

6. ___ freddo.

7. Sei stanca ___ hai sonno?

3 · Which little word?

Choose e, o, ma or perché.

1. Sono italiano, ___ abito a New York.

2. Abito a Roma ___ lavoro lì.

3. Sei di Boston ___ di Chicago?

4. Ho fame ___ ho sete.

5. Parlo inglese, ___ non parlo spagnolo.

6. Sono in Italia ___ sono in vacanza.

7. Sono di Roma, ___ abito a Milano.

8. Sono americano ___ ho trent’anni.

4 · Short or long?

Which answer is the longer, better one?

1. Di dove sei?

2. Parli italiano?

3. Perché sei in Italia?

4. “Perché?” in English is…

5. “perché” in an answer means…

5 · Write it in Italian

Type the sentence. Capital letters and punctuation don’t matter. Type è as e’ if you have no accent key.

1. Tom and Kate

2. Coffee or cappuccino?

3. Why?

4. I’m American, but I speak Italian. (a woman)

5. I’m tired and I’m hungry. (a man)

6. Are you American or English? (to a man, a friend)

7. Because I’m on vacation.

8. I’m from Boston, but I live in Chicago.

Book a lesson

New here? Try a 25-minute lesson for $25: book a trial. Not sure about your level? Take the free level test.

Ci vediamo la prossima settimana! – Sì, alla prossima lezione! Ciao!

See you next week! – Yes, see you at the next lesson! Bye!

← Previous lesson: A0 · 17 Jobs in Italian

Next lesson: A0 · 19 Italian questions →

Luciana, native Italian teacher, smiling headshot

Written by Luciana

Native Italian teacher, CEDILS certified, 10,000+ lessons since 2020.

Did this help you?

All lessons here are free. If you'd like to support them, you can buy me a coffee.

Buy me a coffee

Want to practice long answers out loud?

In a one-on-one lesson you'll use it in real conversation from the first minute.

Book a $25 trial lessonBook a full lesson · $60